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Car tuning - Wikipedia

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"Auto tuning" redirects here. For the principle about mechanical correction, perceive Self-tuning. For the audio processor, perceive Auto-Tune.

A tuned BMW E36 Drift Car through JOZ Garage

Car tuning is the restriction about the performance. Most vehicles stay holdings for an average driver's expectations including conditions, although tuning has come to be a means to personalize the characteristics about a conveyance to the owner's preference. Cars may be altered to supply more completely oil economy, produce more power, or supply more completely management including driving.

Car tuning is related to auto racing, although nearly all presentation cars not once compete. Tuned cars are built for the pleasure about owning including daily driving.

Origin[edit]

Cars own always been subject to aftermarket modification. The golden days about car tuning was the era among World War II including the start about blast dirtying restrictions. Both reasonable including radical restriction own been commemorated within the liked songs Hot Rod Race including Hot Rod Lincoln. The names about Abarth including Cooper appear supported by models styled at the end of the cars they modified. With back from Ford, renowned machine maker Cosworth went from modifying English Flathead engines for Lotus Sevens to dominating Formula One racing.

In the 1970s including 1980s, many Japanese presentation cars were not once exported external the Japanese state market. In the late 1980s including in good time 1990s, grey buy in vehicles about Japanese presentation cars, such when the Nissan Skyline,^[1]^[1]^[2]^[3] began to be in private imported into Western Europe including North America. In the United States, this was within direct contrast to state car making approximately the same time, where there was a highly little presentation aftermarket for state compact including financial system cars; the focus was instead supported by sports cars or muscle cars such when the Ford Mustang including Chevrolet Corvette.

Because about their light mass including the increasing availability about inexpensive tuning equipment, tuned financial system including compact cars show high presentation at a low worth within distinction to devoted sports cars. As qualified sporting including racing in the company of such vehicles increased, thus did recreational employ about these vehicles. Drivers in the company of little or no automotive, mechanical, or racing experience would change their vehicles to emulate the more striking versions about racing vehicles, in the company of uncertain results.

Areas about modification[edit]

The essence about restriction about a tuner car is an attempt at a marked presentation increase—or the face about high performance—from a holdings engine conveyance via the addition, change or complete replacement about parts. Although this largely involves modifying the machine including management systems about the conveyance to increase power output, additional changes are often required to permit the conveyance to knob such power, with stiffened suspension, widened tires, more completely brakes, including improved steering including transfer modifications (such when the setting up about a short shifter). Although largely unimportant within terms about appearance, certain modifications such when low-profile tires, altered suspension, including the extra about spoilers can change the overall face about the car, when skilfully when adding downforce to increase traction.

Audio[edit]

A holdings audio arrangement is one specified through the maker when the conveyance was built within the factory. A custom audio setting up can mean anything from the better about the radio to a full customization based approximately particular audio equipment. Events are held where entrants fight for the loudest, highest-quality audio reception or nearly all novel noise systems. Some common modifications contain higher quality speakers including subwoofers, amplifiers, including more completely wiring.

Interior[edit]

Race cars competing within different classes essential adhere to a harsh place about regulations. As within some well-known racing events, similar to NASCAR including NHRA, sanctioned events often need a minimum conveyance weight. In such cases, the centre is stripped, including the required mass is achieved through adding ballast, allowing precise control over weight distribution. Along in the company of mass requirements, safety requirements are present. Requirements differ for dissimilar classes. Roll cages, fire extinguishers, reinforced container seats, seat harnesses, including the similar to are some about the required safety modifications. Roll cages may be difficult to install when the holdings centre is present.

Some tuners drive own "gutted" interiors, or leave out features that many ordinary drivers would find desirable or necessary, such when audio systems, blast conditioning including soundproofing, within order to cut conveyance weight.

Engine tuning[edit]

Engine tuning is the process about modifying the operating characteristics about an engine. In a typical machine set-up, there are different automated including electronic elements such when the intake manifold, flash plugs, including mass blast flow. Modern engines employ the employ about an engine control unit to supply the best balance among presentation including emissions. Via the OBD communications protocol, electronically controlled aspects about the machine can be modified within a process well-known when mapping. Mapping can either be performed through changing the software within the ECU (chip tuning through firmware modification), or through providing incorrect facts by means of plug-in hardware. Other standalone machine management systems are available; these systems replace the factory computer in the company of one that is user-programmable.

Mechanical components about the machine can also be more or replaced, such when forced induction systems similar to turbochargers or superchargers.

Improper, wrong including poorly executed machine modifications can own a destructive effect supported by presentation including reliability. Mechanical including electrical components can hurt or simply fail when a result. An specimen would be the employ about an blast compressor such when a turbocharger to increase the amount about blast worn within the power stroke about the Otto cycle. In a typical chemical reaction, the air–fuel ratio essential be a minimum about 14:1. If higher ratios are used, higher pressures including temperatures are observed within the cylinders, which can quickly push an machine beyond side of|behind} its planned design limits.

Neglecting such operating parameters can go in front (of) to premature failures, such when warped cylinder heads including walls, disintegrated piston rings, cracked or twisted connecting rods including crankshafts, mass cooling arrangement failure, machine fire, machine detonation, machine seizing, including stable blowouts. This can all go in front (of) to highly costly repairs, when skilfully when individual highly dangerous.

Suspension tuning[edit]

Suspension tuning involves modifying the springs, blow absorbers, anti-roll bars, including additional related components. Shorter springs present with greater stiffness including a under center about seriousness at the feasible worth about unwanted changes about postponement geometry. Stiffer shock absorbers better dynamic mass shifting during cornering including normally own shorter internals to stop them from bottoming out when shorter springs are used. Stiffer sway bars cut body roll during cornering, in this way improving the grip that the tires own supported by the face through reducing postponement geometry changes caused through roll; this also improves management answer expected to faster mass shifting—similar to stiffer springs.

The danger in the company of overly rigid anti-roll bars is the lifting about the inside wheel, causing a losing about traction. By increasing the roll opposition about one end about the car, weight transfer is concentrated at that end, causing it to slip more than the other. This effect is worn to control the over/understeer characteristic when skilfully when to cut roll. Other components that are at times more are strut bars, which better body stiffness including help more completely retain real postponement geometry during cornering. On some cars, certain braces or anti-roll bars can be retrofitted to base image cars from sports models.

For offroad vehicles, the attention is supported by lengthening the postponement travel including installing larger tires. Larger tires—with or without larger wheels—increase earth clearance, travel over broken terrain more smoothly, supply additional cushioning, including drop ground pressure (which is important supported by smooth surfaces).

These postponement modifications are within contrast to lowriders in the company of hydraulic or pneumatic suspensions. Lowriders employ a further kind about postponement tuning within which the tallness about every separate wheel can be rapidly adjusted through a arrangement about rams which, within some cases, makes it feasible to "bounce" the wheels completely away about the ground.

Body tuning[edit]

Body tuning involves adding or modifying a spoiler including body kit within order to better not lately the aesthetics about the car, yet also its aerodynamic performance. Through downforce, cornering speeds including drain adhesion can be improved, often at the expense about increased drag. To lighten the vehicle, bodywork components such when hoods including rearview mirrors may be replaced in the company of lighter-weight components.

Often, body modifications are done mainly to better a vehicle's appearance, when within the case about non-functioning scoops, wide arches or additional aesthetic modification. Aftermarket spoilers or body kits seldom better a car's performance. The majority, within fact, add mass including increase the drag coefficient about the vehicle, in this way reducing its overall performance.

Dating back to the 1940s, chopping including channeling was a liked method about modifying a car's aerodynamics.

Increasing the wheel path width through spacers including wide body kits, or lowering the center about seriousness by means of postponement modifications, can enhance the car's cornering ability. Often, postponement tuners strange in the company of spring dynamics drive slit holdings springs, producing a harder, active ride. It is also common to stance a car, lowering it beyond side of|behind} its optimal control tallness purely for appearance.

Competition cars may own thin windows, or the windows may be completely removed, when machine glass adds marked mass including detrimentally alters mass distribution. Plastic windows are much more susceptible to scratches, which cut facility life.

Tires[edit]

Tires own big effects supported by a car's behavior including are replaced periodically; therefore, drain selection is a highly cost-effective means to personalize an automobile. Choices contain tires for different weather including roadway conditions, dissimilar sizes including different compromises among cost, grip, facility life, rolling resistance, management including control comfort. Drivers also personalize tires for aesthetic reasons, for example, through adding tire lettering.

Detuning[edit]

Detuning is the process returning a modified car to its original factory status, or reducing its presentation within a special area about tuning. For example, a car may be "detuned" to permit increased resistance when the path grip is not enough to knob the increased power about the tuned engine.

Styles about modification[edit]

Modified cars can be very much dissimilar from their holdings counterparts. A common thing in the midst of owners/modifiers is to emulate the visual and/or presentation characteristics about traditional styles including design principles. These similarities may be unintentional. Some about the many dissimilar styles including visual influences to car restriction are:

Rat rod: Style about burning bar including custom cars, imitating the "unfinished" face about some burning rods within the 1940s, 1950s, including 1960s. "Rat style" also defines a car that is kept supported by the roadway despite visible heavy wear.
Euro style: Stanced in the company of one-off paint including little wheels, in the company of shaved features to define car body lines.
Lowrider: Hydraulic setups, flashy paint, custom interior, including bling wheels. Others may see similar to unswerving restorations, aside from a low stance.
Import or JDM: Japanese-style vehicles, aftermarket parts including competition details.
Rice burner: Asian vehicles in the company of excessive cosmetics including minimal underlying modifications. Some "ricers" own fart can tire out tips that amplify the car's machine sound. They can be compared to cars from the alike boy racer culture.
Dub or donk: Characterized through highly large, ostentatious wheels in the company of low-profile tires, loud public speaker setups, including unusually high control height.
Slab: Originated within the Houston area since the mid-1980s—usually, a full-size American or European luxury car is tailored in the company of custom wire wheels, loud public speaker setups, including neon signage inside the trunk panel. Other "slab" modifications contain hydraulic-actuated trunk panels (a "pop trunk"), candy paint, vertical stainless steel neat supported by the trunk group (known when "belt buckles"), aftermarket grille, including the employ about a Cadillac front-end bedding metal conversion. The interiors about slabs are normally clad within coffee or brown (in what is called a "peanut butter interior"). Usually connected in the company of Houston hip hop music.
Bōsōzoku: This Japanese motorbike style features additional fairings including exaggerated exhausts.
VIP style: A Japanese style about customizing luxury cars that evolved from Bōsōzoku.
Stanced: – This style is largely connected in the company of sports including rider cars in the company of lowered postponement setups. Custom wheels in the company of low-profile tires play a big job within this style including often feature offensive sizes, offsets, including camber.
Cal look: A modified classic Volkswagen planned to evoke California by means of the employ about rich colours, trim, including accessories.
Military/service style: Cars designed to see similar to certain facility vehicles.
Hot rod: Style largely consisting about period-specific vehicles, components, including finishes to copy characteristics about in good time drag cars from the 1930s including 1940s.
Custom car: Cars built largely to show off.
Sleeper: Stock-looking cars in the company of presentation upgrades.
Rally car: Cars built to fight within rallies.
Drift car: Cars engineered for drifting.
Drag car: Cars modified for straight-line rate including acceleration.
South London look: Subtly modified 50's-70's British Fords that are lowered, in the company of light paint including 13 inch Lotus Cortina steel wheels or RS, Minilite, or Revolution mag wheels. These cars often employ a tuned Ford Kent or Pinto engine.
German look: A Volkswagen Type 1, Type 3, or Karmann Ghia lowered including tailored in the company of late image Porsche mag wheels including touring car-influenced styling. Heavily modified postponement including drivetrain in the company of attention supported by management including cornering.

Glossary[edit]

30 roll: A two-car straight-line race, often among tuned cars, starting from a continuous 30 mph rate where the two drivers be erect side-by-side, before one about them signals the rolling start through honking 3 times. The hastening test ends at a pre-defined speed, e.g. 60 mph or 80 mph.
Backfire: Combustion about oil within the intake or tire out arrangement instead about the combustion chamber, resulting within a distinctive popping noise including occasional flames. For clarity, the word "afterfire" is at times worn to pass on to ignition within the exhaust, in the company of "backfire" referring to intake oil ignition.
BOV (blow-off valve): A valve that releases crushing within turbocharged engines when the throttle is closed, to avoid damage to the intake arrangement including better reliability. A BOV can outlet either to the intake arrangement prior to the turbocharger (this kind about BOV is radically silent including well-known when "recirculating"). Other BOVs outlet to the atmosphere, resulting within an easily identifiable hissing noise upon set free about the throttle.
CAI (cold blast intake): A modified replacement intake system, often bypassing the holdings airbox, expected to supply the machine in the company of biting blast from external about the car (as anti to burning blast from under the bonnet). On nearly all modern cars, the holdings inlet ducts own been developed for peak presentation including efficiency using advanced flow simulations, making aftermarket intake presentation gain negligible. CAIs are instead largely connected in the company of their increased installation noise; coupled in the company of an atmosphere-venting BOV supported by turbocharged cars including a non-resonated including at times "decat" exhaust, such a setup is preferred through owners interested largely within increasing the sound position about their cars, resulting within modifications in the company of little to no presentation benefit.
Catback: The portion about the tire out arrangement downstream from the catalytic converter.
Custom tune: A air that has been customized for a special car, often modified within particular ways that need adjustments to the holdings calibration.
Decat: A unswerving tire out drain without a catalytic converter. On some vehicles, decat pipes permit flames to be visible at the tire out tips upon throttle closure.
Dig: A competition start from a standing start, e.g. from a traffic light.
Dyno: Slang for dynamometer.
E-tuner: A tuner working remotely to supply custom tunes over the internet, normally at the end of the customer sends facts logs about presentation tests within the type about pulls (see below).
FENG (fake machine sound generator): Often called a "syntonizer", a system, either acoustic or electronic, that diffuses machine sound into the cockpit to enhance the sweeping experience. On some cars, similar to the 2015-18 Ford Focus RS, the sound is synthesized through a computer including bears no real link to the sound generated through the engine. On additional cars, the sound is conveyed through an acoustic drain from the machine bay to the cockpit.
FMIC (front-mounted intercooler): The word comes from the Subaru Impreza, which has its intercooler mounted within an rare location lately behind its engine. Beyond a certain threshold about power-increasing modifications, the little including ill-placed intercooler becomes ineffective, including a liked restriction to beat this control is to install an aftermarket intercooler within the conventional location behind the front bumper, giving stand up to the word FMIC.
Forging: Replacing some about the engine's bottom-end internal elements in the company of copy ones. The nearly all common copy parts contain connecting rods including pistons. Stage 3 cars can at times contain a copy crankshaft. Forged parts are normally lighter including stronger than holdings actors parts.
Fully bolted: Used to tell a car which has the greatest variety about bolted-on machine upgrades without extensive modifications. These contain aftermarket intakes, intercoolers, tire out pipes, including mufflers.
Hub dyno: A framework dynamometer in the company of brakes that are linked directly to the driven wheel hubs at the end of the wheels own been removed. They are more accurate than rolling roadway dynos, when they eliminate one marked source about slippage—the tires. Hub dynos are also more compact, the hub brakes individual the size about little washing machines.
Log: A video about the car or machine operating parameters (e.g. RPM, boost pressure, different temperatures) made when the car is individual driven.
Map: A calibration for the machine management system, an electronic arrangement well-known interchangeably when PCM (Powertrain Control System) or ECU (Engine Control Unit). A plan is radically a facts file that gives the PCM the elements it needs to manage the machine according to the standards place through the manufacturer. The facts is largely methodical within lookup tables well-known when "maps", including the place about tables including additional parameters is referred to when a "map" or "calibration".
Methanol injection: A liquid shot arrangement where a blend about deionized liquid including a certain proportion about methanol is injected within the intake blast stream when an anti-knock, normally using a devoted pump including reservoir, including where the unmetered shot is triggered through a crushing button activated once a certain boost position is reached supported by forced-induction engines. In some cases, the windscreen washer liquid reservoir is worn when a tank for the liquid shot arrangement (and still functions when usual). Water shot is believed to own appeared shortly before WWII supported by aero engines; notably, the Rolls-Royce Merlin including the Junkers Jumo 210 engines following the pre-WWII be employed about Sir Harry Ricardo. The methanol within the blend injected within aero engines was present strictly when an anti-freeze, when it reduces the effect about liquid when an anti-knock adjuvant.
OTS (off-the-shelf) map: A readily available air sold in the company of the accessory worn to flash tunes to a car's machine control unit. OTS maps typically present with simple presentation improvements including are often worn when bases for further modifications.
Pull: A full-throttle RPM sweep within a unswerving mark supported by a position roadway or a rolling roadway dynamometer, normally within 3rd or 4th gear including from low RPMs all the means to the machine rev limiter. Pulls are made to record logs or to monitor machine output supported by a framework dynamometer.
Resonator: A noise-reduction device that the tire out drain normally runs unswerving through, which dampens noise waves through the means about noise absorption material placed approximately a perforated tube section. Exhaust systems equipped in the company of resonators are said to be "resonated", when anti to "non-resonated" for those without such devices.
Rolling road: A framework dynamometer which includes a metered brake that allows torque measurements, when skilfully when rate measurements, which monitor the torque including power produced at the wheels. Together in the company of the inferred transfer proportion including a number about corrections related to surrounding conditions including friction including losses, the software connected in the company of the dyno can produce estimates about the flywheel power including torque figures.
Stage 0: The country about a car in the company of no presentation modifications.
Stage 1: The country about a car at the end of simple modification, which can be lately a tune, or a air in the company of simple supporting modifications such when an aftermarket blast mesh or intake. Stage 1 implies a simple power/torque increase over stock.
Stage 2: The country about a car at the end of a further round about modifications. Typically, leg 2 cars are fully bolted in the company of a air targeting higher torque including power, plus optional forging.
Stage 3: The country about a car in the company of extensive automated modifications made to the powertrain, with (but not limited to) a bigger forced installation system, copy internals, retooling about cylinder heads, including oil arrangement modifications. Sometimes an aftermarket or motorsport ECU calibrated specifically for the car within enquiry drive be fitted. The power including torque outputs at this leg are very much higher than stock, often prompting supporting modifications to the transfer including drivetrain.
Stock map: The OEM machine map.
TMIC (top-mounted intercooler): An intercooler placed above or lately behind the engine, which benefits from a small drop within turbo delay yet suffers from a greatest power threshold.
Tune: A modified map, nearly all often aimed at increasing the machine torque including power output. A air is "flashed" to the PCM or ECU either through the air seller or the end-user itself, often using a stand-alone accessory linked to the car's OBDII connector or via a portable computer. A air typically voids the powertrain promise unless sanctioned through the car maker (which is a rare occurrence). Typical changes contain ignition timing, oil flow, wastegate control for turbo engines, including modified limits such when those for RPM including boost.
Tuner: An separate or firm creating tunes, normally for profit, including often dealing supporting elements such when intakes including exhausts.
Turboback: The entire tire out arrangement downstream from the turbocharger turbine, composed about the downpipe (including the catalytic converter) including the catback portion.
Turbo lag: The delay among the first throttle opening including the moment the turbocharger has spooled up sufficiently to deliver marked boost crushing including the connected torque including power increase. On holdings modern turbos, delay is normally beneath one second, while some big aftermarket turbos show lags about two seconds or more.

Legal requirements[edit]

Many countries or municipalities own legal requirements which rule conveyance modifications. For example, all vehicles within Victoria, Australia, essential conform to construction standards to guarantee conveyance safety.^[4] There are also restrictions for P Plate drivers which can prevent immature drivers from sweeping modified vehicles.^[5]

Many developed countries own exhaust fumes regulations, which mainly forbid any modifications to engines or related components unless the modifications themselves are certified, similar to making car models. Such modifications, stable provided they do not in fact result within increased emissions, prevent legal employ supported by society roads.^[6]

Sanctioning organizations[edit]

Many organizations involved within competitive motorsports establish safety guidelines that far surpass legal requirements placed supported by street-legal vehicles. The NHRA, IHRA including SOLO all need that vehicles pass inspection to guarantee that all regulations are individual complied with.