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Car tuning - Wikipedia

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"Auto tuning" redirects here. For the principle on mechanical correction, perceive Self-tuning. For the audio processor, perceive Auto-Tune.

A tuned BMW E36 Drift Car through JOZ Garage

Car tuning is the modification on the performance. Most vehicles stay holdings for an average driver's expectations also conditions, though tuning has develop into a method to individualize the characteristics on a conveyance to the owner's preference. Cars may exist altered to provide to a greater degree fuel economy, produce more power, or provide to a greater degree running also driving.

Car tuning is linked to auto racing, though nearly all presentation cars never compete. Tuned cars are built for the delight on owning also daily driving.

Origin[edit]

Cars own regularly been topic to aftermarket modification. The golden age on car tuning was the time among World War II also the opening on blast contamination restrictions. Both moderate also radical modification own been commemorated inside the popular songs Hot Rod Race also Hot Rod Lincoln. The names on Abarth also Cooper be clear on top of models styled at the end of the cars they modified. With support from Ford, famous motor manufacturer Cosworth went from modifying English Flathead engines for Lotus Sevens to dominating Formula One racing.

In the 1970s also 1980s, numerous Japanese presentation cars were never exported outside the Japanese home market. In the overdue 1980s also early 1990s, grey import vehicles on Japanese presentation cars, such when the Nissan Skyline,^[1]^[1]^[2]^[3] began to exist privately imported into Western Europe also North America. In the United States, this was inside direct contrast to home car making around the similar time, where there was a extremely little presentation aftermarket for home firm also financial system cars; the focus was rather on top of sports cars or muscle cars such when the Ford Mustang also Chevrolet Corvette.

Because on their light heaviness also the increasing availability on inexpensive tuning equipment, tuned financial system also firm cars exhibit towering presentation at a little price inside comparison to committed sports cars. As qualified sporting also racing firm of} such vehicles increased, thus did recreational employ on these vehicles. Drivers firm of} little or no automotive, mechanical, or racing experience would modify their vehicles to follow the more impressive versions on racing vehicles, firm of} mixed results.

Areas on modification[edit]

The nature on modification on a tuner car is an attempt at a marked presentation increase—or the look on towering performance—from a holdings engine conveyance by method of the addition, alteration or outright replacing on parts. Although this generally involves modifying the motor also administration systems on the conveyance to raise authority output, more changes are often obligatory to allow the conveyance to handle such power, including stiffened suspension, widened tires, to a greater degree brakes, also improved steering also transmission modifications (such when the fitting on a short shifter). Although generally insignificant inside terms on appearance, convinced modifications such when low-profile tires, altered suspension, also the addition on spoilers can change the total look on the car, when well when adding downforce to raise traction.

Audio[edit]

A holdings audio arrangement is only specified through the manufacturer when the conveyance was built inside the factory. A tradition audio fitting can involve anything from the upgrade on the radio to a stocked customization based around specific audio equipment. Events are held where entrants compete for the loudest, highest-quality audio party or nearly all innovative noise systems. Some usual modifications involve higher standing speakers also subwoofers, amplifiers, also to a greater degree wiring.

Interior[edit]

Race cars competing inside various classes essential adhere to a strict set on regulations. As inside some well-known racing events, like NASCAR also NHRA, sanctioned events often require a minimum conveyance weight. In such cases, the interior is stripped, also the obligatory heaviness is achieved through adding ballast, allowing specific government on top of weight distribution. Along firm of} heaviness requirements, security requirements are present. Requirements differ for opposed classes. Roll cages, fire extinguishers, reinforced bucket seats, seat harnesses, also the like are some on the obligatory security modifications. Roll cages may exist difficult to install when the holdings interior is present.

Some tuners drive own "gutted" interiors, or omit features that numerous ordinary drivers would find useful or necessary, such when audio systems, blast conditioning also soundproofing, inside order to lessen conveyance weight.

Engine tuning[edit]

Engine tuning is the process on modifying the operating characteristics on an engine. In a typical motor set-up, there are various automatic also electronic elements such when the intake manifold, spark plugs, also mass blast flow. Modern engines employ the employ on an engine government unit to provide the finest balance among presentation also emissions. Via the OBD communications protocol, electronically controlled aspects on the motor can exist modified inside a process famous when mapping. Mapping can either exist performed through changing the operating system within the ECU (chip tuning by method of firmware modification), or through providing wrong details through plug-in hardware. Other standalone motor administration systems are available; these systems replace the factory computer firm of} only that is user-programmable.

Mechanical components on the motor can too exist more or replaced, such when forced induction systems like turbochargers or superchargers.

Improper, incorrect also badly executed motor modifications can own a detrimental consequence on top of presentation also reliability. Mechanical also electrical components can suffer or simply be unsuccessful when a result. An example would exist the employ on an blast compressor such when a turbocharger to raise the volume on blast worn inside the authority stroke on the Otto cycle. In a typical chemical reaction, the air–fuel ratio essential exist a minimum on 14:1. If higher ratios are used, higher pressures also temperatures are observed inside the cylinders, which can quickly push an motor beyond its planned describe limits.

Neglecting such operating parameters can go in front (of) to premature failures, such when warped cylinder heads also walls, disintegrated piston rings, cracked or misshapen connecting rods also crankshafts, sum cooling arrangement failure, motor fire, motor detonation, motor seizing, also even blowouts. This can all go in front (of) to extremely high-priced repairs, when well when thing extremely dangerous.

Suspension tuning[edit]

Suspension tuning involves modifying the springs, shock absorbers, anti-roll bars, also other linked components. Shorter springs offer greater stiffness also a lower center on gravity at the viable price on unacceptable changes on postponement geometry. Stiffer shock absorbers improve dynamic heaviness shifting throughout cornering also normally own shorter internals to stop them from bottoming out when shorter springs are used. Stiffer sway bars lessen build roll throughout cornering, thus improving the grip that the tires own on top of the surface through reducing postponement geometry changes caused through roll; this too improves running response due to faster heaviness shifting—similar to stiffer springs.

The danger firm of} overly inflexible anti-roll bars is the lifting on the inner wheel, causing a losing on traction. By increasing the roll resistance on only close on the car, weight transfer is rich at that end, causing it to slip more than the other. This consequence is worn to government the over/understeer characteristic when well when to lessen roll. Other components that are occasionally more are strut bars, which improve build stiffness also back to a greater degree maintain proper postponement geometry throughout cornering. On some cars, convinced braces or anti-roll bars can exist retrofitted to base image cars from sports models.

For offroad vehicles, the importance is on top of lengthening the postponement travel also installing larger tires. Larger tires—with or lacking larger wheels—increase land clearance, travel on top of rough ground more smoothly, provide more cushioning, also decrease ground pressure (which is significant on top of soft surfaces).

These postponement modifications are inside contrast to lowriders firm of} hydraulic or pneumatic suspensions. Lowriders employ a further kind on postponement tuning inside which the stature on each separate disc can exist fast adjusted through a arrangement on rams which, inside some cases, makes it viable to "bounce" the wheels completely off on the ground.

Body tuning[edit]

Body tuning involves adding or modifying a spoiler also body kit inside order to improve not lately the aesthetics on the car, however too its aerodynamic performance. Through downforce, cornering speeds also drain grip can exist improved, often at the expense on increased drag. To lighten the vehicle, bodywork components such when hoods also rearview mirrors may exist replaced firm of} lighter-weight components.

Often, build modifications are you're on mainly to improve a vehicle's appearance, when inside the case on non-functioning scoops, broad arches or other aesthetic modification. Aftermarket spoilers or build kits seldom improve a car's performance. The majority, inside fact, add heaviness also raise the drag coefficient on the vehicle, thus reducing its total performance.

Dating backwards to the 1940s, chopping also channeling was a popular process on modifying a car's aerodynamics.

Increasing the disc path width via spacers also broad build kits, or lowering the center on gravity via postponement modifications, can improve the car's cornering ability. Often, postponement tuners unfamiliar firm of} spring dynamics drive saw holdings springs, producing a harder, bouncy ride. It is too usual to stance a car, lowering it beyond its optimal control stature purely for appearance.

Competition cars may own lightweight windows, or the windows may exist completely removed, when machine glass adds marked heaviness also detrimentally alters heaviness distribution. Plastic windows are much more vulnerable to scratches, which lessen system life.

Tires[edit]

Tires own great belongings on top of a car's behavior also are replaced periodically; therefore, drain choice is a extremely cost-effective method to individualize an automobile. Choices involve tires for various climate also road conditions, opposed sizes also various compromises among cost, grip, system life, rolling resistance, running also control comfort. Drivers too individualize tires for artistic reasons, for example, through adding tire lettering.

Detuning[edit]

Detuning is the process returning a modified car to its first factory status, or reducing its presentation inside a special area on tuning. For example, a car may exist "detuned" to allow increased traction when the path grip is not adequate to handle the increased authority on the tuned engine.

Styles on modification[edit]

Modified cars can exist significantly opposed from their holdings counterparts. A usual factor with owners/modifiers is to follow the optic and/or presentation characteristics on established styles also describe principles. These similarities may exist unintentional. Some on the numerous opposed styles also optic influences to car modification are:

Rat rod: Style on hot stick also tradition cars, imitating the "unfinished" look on some hot rods inside the 1940s, 1950s, also 1960s. "Rat style" too defines a car that is kept on top of the road in the face of perceptible weighty wear.
Euro style: Stanced firm of} one-off paint also little wheels, firm of} shaved features to outline car build lines.
Lowrider: Hydraulic setups, flashy paint, tradition interior, also bling wheels. Others may see like direct restorations, to one side from a little stance.
Import or JDM: Japanese-style vehicles, aftermarket parts also competition details.
Rice burner: Asian vehicles firm of} excessive cosmetics also minimal basic modifications. Some "ricers" own fart can tire out tips that amplify the car's motor sound. They can exist compared to cars from the similar boy racer culture.
Dub or donk: Characterized through extremely large, ostentatious wheels firm of} low-profile tires, strong orator setups, also unusually towering control height.
Slab: Originated inside the Houston area since the mid-1980s—usually, a full-size American or European luxury car is fitted firm of} tradition wire wheels, strong orator setups, also neon signage inside the stock panel. Other "slab" modifications involve hydraulic-actuated stock panels (a "pop trunk"), candy paint, sheer stainless steel neat on top of the stock panel (known when "belt buckles"), aftermarket grille, also the employ on a Cadillac front-end sheet metal conversion. The interiors on slabs are normally clothed inside beige or tan (in what is called a "peanut butter interior"). Usually associated firm of} Houston trendy hop music.
Bōsōzoku: This Japanese motorbike style features more fairings also overstated exhausts.
VIP style: A Japanese style on customizing luxury cars that evolved from Bōsōzoku.
Stanced: – This style is mostly associated firm of} sports also passenger cars firm of} lowered postponement setups. Custom wheels firm of} low-profile tires amuse yourself a great job inside this style also often feature aggressive sizes, offsets, also camber.
Cal look: A modified standard Volkswagen planned to cause California through the employ on vivid colours, trim, also accessories.
Military/service style: Cars designed to see like convinced system vehicles.
Hot rod: Style generally consisting on period-specific vehicles, components, also finishes to reproduce characteristics on early drag cars from the 1930s also 1940s.
Custom car: Cars built primarily to show off.
Sleeper: Stock-looking cars firm of} presentation upgrades.
Rally car: Cars built to compete inside rallies.
Drift car: Cars engineered for drifting.
Drag car: Cars modified for straight-line pace also acceleration.
South London look: Subtly modified 50's-70's British Fords that are lowered, firm of} pastel paint also 13 inch Lotus Cortina steel wheels or RS, Minilite, or Revolution mag wheels. These cars often employ a tuned Ford Kent or Pinto engine.
German look: A Volkswagen Type 1, Type 3, or Karmann Ghia lowered also fitted firm of} overdue image Porsche mag wheels also touring car-influenced styling. Heavily modified postponement also drivetrain firm of} importance on top of running also cornering.

Glossary[edit]

30 roll: A two-car straight-line race, often among tuned cars, starting from a steady 30 mph pace where the two drivers be erect side-by-side, ahead of only on them signals the rolling begin through honking 3 times. The acceleration test ends at a pre-defined speed, e.g. 60 mph or 80 mph.
Backfire: Combustion on fuel inside the intake or tire out arrangement rather on the combustion chamber, resulting inside a distinctive popping noise also occasional flames. For clarity, the term "afterfire" is occasionally worn to refer to ignition within the exhaust, firm of} "backfire" referring to intake fuel ignition.
BOV (blow-off valve): A valve that releases force inside turbocharged engines when the throttle is closed, to avoid damage to the intake arrangement also improve reliability. A BOV can opening either to the intake arrangement prior to the turbocharger (this kind on BOV is essentially silent also famous when "recirculating"). Other BOVs opening to the atmosphere, resulting inside an easily identifiable hissing noise upon set free on the throttle.
CAI (cold blast intake): A modified replacing intake system, often bypassing the holdings airbox, meant to supply the motor firm of} chilly blast from outside on the car (as opposed to hot blast from under the bonnet). On nearly all current cars, the holdings inlet ducts own been developed for peak presentation also efficiency using advanced run simulations, making aftermarket intake presentation get negligible. CAIs are rather mostly associated firm of} their increased institution noise; coupled firm of} an atmosphere-venting BOV on top of turbocharged cars also a non-resonated also occasionally "decat" exhaust, such a setup is preferred through owners curious primarily inside increasing the sound level on their cars, resulting inside modifications firm of} little to no presentation benefit.
Catback: The portion on the tire out arrangement downstream from the catalytic converter.
Custom tune: A tune that has been customized for a special car, often modified inside specific ways that require adjustments to the holdings calibration.
Decat: A direct tire out tube lacking a catalytic converter. On some vehicles, decat pipes allow flames to exist perceptible at the tire out tips upon throttle closure.
Dig: A competition opening from a standing start, e.g. from a transport light.
Dyno: Slang for dynamometer.
E-tuner: A tuner labouring remotely to provide tradition tunes on top of the internet, normally at the following the customer sends details logs on presentation tests inside the sort on pulls (see below).
FENG (fake motor sound generator): Often called a "syntonizer", a system, either acoustic or electronic, that diffuses motor sound into the cockpit to improve the sweeping experience. On some cars, like the 2015-18 Ford Focus RS, the sound is synthesized through a computer also bears no real relation to the sound generated through the engine. On other cars, the sound is conveyed through an acoustic tube from the motor bay to the cockpit.
FMIC (front-mounted intercooler): The term comes from the Subaru Impreza, which has its intercooler mounted inside an odd location lately behind its engine. Beyond a convinced doorway on power-increasing modifications, the little also ill-placed intercooler becomes ineffective, also a popular modification to defeat this limitation is to install an aftermarket intercooler inside the conservative location behind the front bumper, giving rise to the term FMIC.
Forging: Replacing some on the engine's bottom-end internal elements firm of} forged ones. The nearly all usual forged parts involve connecting rods also pistons. Stage 3 cars can occasionally involve a forged crankshaft. Forged parts are normally lighter also stronger than holdings actors parts.
Fully bolted: Used to describe a car which has the greatest variety on bolted-on motor upgrades lacking large modifications. These involve aftermarket intakes, intercoolers, tire out pipes, also mufflers.
Hub dyno: A frame dynamometer firm of} brakes that are united directly to the driven disc hubs at the end of the wheels own been removed. They are more precise than rolling road dynos, when they eliminate only marked source on slippage—the tires. Hub dynos are too more compact, the centre brakes thing the extent on little washing machines.
Log: A record on the car or motor operating parameters (e.g. RPM, boost pressure, various temperatures) made when the car is thing driven.
Map: A calibration for the motor administration system, an electronic arrangement famous interchangeably when PCM (Powertrain Control System) or ECU (Engine Control Unit). A chart is essentially a details folder that gives the PCM the elements it needs to operate the motor according to the standards set through the manufacturer. The details is mostly organized inside lookup tables famous when "maps", also the set on tables also other parameters is referred to when a "map" or "calibration".
Methanol injection: A aqua injection arrangement where a mixture on deionized aqua also a convinced proportion on methanol is injected inside the intake blast river when an anti-knock, normally using a committed pump also reservoir, also where the unmetered injection is triggered through a force switch activated on one occasion a convinced boost level is reached on top of forced-induction engines. In some cases, the windscreen washer fluid pond is worn when a tank for the aqua injection arrangement (and still functions when usual). Water injection is believed to own appeared presently ahead of WWII on top of aero engines; notably, the Rolls-Royce Merlin also the Junkers Jumo 210 engines following the pre-WWII work on Sir Harry Ricardo. The methanol inside the mixture injected inside aero engines was present strictly when an anti-freeze, when it reduces the effectiveness on aqua when an anti-knock adjuvant.
OTS (off-the-shelf) map: A readily available tune sold firm of} the accessory worn to blaze tunes to a car's motor government unit. OTS maps typically offer homely presentation improvements also are often worn when bases for more distant modifications.
Pull: A full-throttle RPM sweep inside a direct mark on top of a level road or a rolling road dynamometer, normally inside 3rd or 4th works also from little RPMs all the method to the motor rev limiter. Pulls are made to document logs or to set motor production on top of a frame dynamometer.
Resonator: A noise-reduction device that the tire out tube normally runs direct through, which dampens noise waves through the way on noise absorption material placed around a perforated tube section. Exhaust systems equipped firm of} resonators are said to exist "resonated", when opposed to "non-resonated" for those lacking such devices.
Rolling road: A frame dynamometer which includes a metered brake that allows torque measurements, when well when pace measurements, which set the torque also authority produced at the wheels. Together firm of} the inferred transmission proportion also a numeral on corrections linked to atmospheric conditions also friction also losses, the operating system associated firm of} the dyno can produce estimates on the flywheel authority also torque figures.
Stage 0: The nation on a car firm of} no presentation modifications.
Stage 1: The nation on a car at the following clear modification, which can exist lately a tune, or a tune firm of} clear supporting modifications such when an aftermarket blast filter or intake. Stage 1 implies a homely power/torque raise on top of stock.
Stage 2: The nation on a car at the end of a further round on modifications. Typically, leg 2 cars are fully bolted firm of} a tune targeting higher torque also power, plus voluntary forging.
Stage 3: The nation on a car firm of} large automatic modifications made to the powertrain, including (but not limited to) a bigger compulsory institution system, forged internals, retooling on cylinder heads, also fuel arrangement modifications. Sometimes an aftermarket or motorsport ECU calibrated specifically for the car inside inquiry drive exist fitted. The authority also torque outputs at this leg are significantly higher than stock, often urging supporting modifications to the transmission also drivetrain.
Stock map: The OEM motor map.
TMIC (top-mounted intercooler): An intercooler located above or lately behind the engine, which benefits from a slight decrease inside turbo hang back however suffers from a greatest authority threshold.
Tune: A modified map, nearly all often aimed at increasing the motor torque also authority output. A tune is "flashed" to the PCM or ECU either through the tune dealer or the end-user itself, often using a stand-alone accessory united to the car's OBDII connector or through a portable computer. A tune typically voids the powertrain promise unless sanctioned through the car manufacturer (which is a special occurrence). Typical changes involve ignition timing, fuel flow, wastegate government for turbo engines, also modified limits such when those for RPM also boost.
Tuner: An separate or company creating tunes, normally for profit, also often selling supporting elements such when intakes also exhausts.
Turboback: The entire tire out arrangement downstream from the turbocharger turbine, composed on the downpipe (including the catalytic converter) also the catback portion.
Turbo lag: The delay among the first throttle opening also the second the turbocharger has spooled up sufficiently to deliver marked boost force also the associated torque also authority increase. On holdings current turbos, hang back is normally below only second, while some great aftermarket turbos exhibit lags on two seconds or more.

Legal requirements[edit]

Many countries or municipalities own judicial requirements which lead conveyance modifications. For example, all vehicles inside Victoria, Australia, essential fit in to construction standards to ensure conveyance safety.^[4] There are too restrictions for P Plate drivers which can prevent immature drivers from sweeping modified vehicles.^[5]

Many developed countries own pollution regulations, which generally forbid a scrap of modifications to engines or linked components unless the modifications themselves are certified, like making car models. Such modifications, even provided they do not actually consequence inside increased emissions, prevent judicial employ on top of public roads.^[6]

Sanctioning organizations[edit]

Many organizations involved inside competitive motorsports establish security guidelines that far exceed judicial requirements placed on top of street-legal vehicles. The NHRA, IHRA also SOLO all require that vehicles pass inspection to ensure that all regulations are thing complied with.